Coast Guard HSI Acquisition Process
Developed a web based HSI process linked to the events, milestones and activities of each phase of the Coast Guard Acquisition Process.
Ship Manning Options for the Coast Guard's Deepwater Project
Identification of approached to workload and manning reduction being pursued by navies and coast guards of other countries. Development of manning reduction strategies and issues for the Coast Guard's Deepwater Project.
Surface Warfare Program Manager's Acquisition Guide for HSI
Developed a web based program manager's guide for application of HSI in systems acquisition. This guide includes a standardized, formalized HSI process linked to the events, milestones and activities of each phase in the systems acquisition process, as defined in DoD 5000.2R.
DD 21 Manning/Human Systems Integration
Currently supporting PEO(S) and PMS 500M in the implementation of HSI to the acquisition of DD 21. Applying the HSI Top Down Requirements Analysis methodology to identify and analyze the functions performed for selected mission scenarios for DD 21 systems and the total ship system. Also applying functional allocation methodology and tools Carlow's Roles of Man and Automation (ROMAN) tool to develop alternative function allocations strategies. Developing and applying methods and data of human-centered automation to identify technologies needed to support the conceptual reallocation of functions from humans to machines in order to achieve workload reduction. Will be defining alternative workload reduction and functional allocation candidates for the operating positions of DD 21 systems and the total ship system.
Application of HSI to the LHA(R) Ship Acquisition
Function analysis and allocation to define the roles of humans, and determination of techniques to reduce workload in the operation of the LHA(R) class of ships.
Application of HSI to the JCC(X) Ship Acquisition
Function analysis and allocation to define the roles of humans in the operation of the JCC(X) class of ships
HFE Assessment of Offshore Systems for BP/AMOCO
Evaluated human machine interfaces, human performance and safety, for drilling operations on drill ships and deep water offshore drilling platforms, for BP/AMOCO.
Reduced Manning in Surface Combatant CIC
In the ONR S&T Manning Affordability Program, recently conducted CIC mission/function analyses, and developed alternative allocation of function strategies using the Ship-SHAPE Roles of Man and Automation (ROMAN) tool. Conducting task analyses using the Integrated Task Analysis tool (I-TASK). Assessed alternative automation strategies in terms of workload, and manning reduction potential using the SIMWAM workload assessment simulation tool.
CVX Air Operations Function/Task Analysis
Using the Carlow Integrated Task Analysis tool (I-TASK), existing CV air operations functions and tasks were identified and analyzed. A database of 355 tasks was developed in anticipation of assessments of workloads for alternate automation concepts, using the SIMWAM task network simulation tool.
Engineering Control/Automated Auxiliaries
Developed alternative approaches to manpower reduction in engineering spaces. Conducted a function/task analysis of the manned stations in the shipboard Engineering Control organization. Visited the USS Arleigh Burke (DD G51) to obtain data including task frequencies and durations and contingency event probabilities via interviews with experienced subject matter experts. Conducted workload assessment simulation of Engineering Control operations using the task network simulation tool, SIMWAM.
Automated Bridge
Determined technology requirements for reducing the manning of a DD bridge to 3 crew members. Tasks currently performed by bridge personnel for a littoral scenario were identified using the Operational Stations Book for the DDG 51 and selected Navy Enlisted Occupational Standards documents. Task requirements data were collected during subject matter expert (SME) interviews aboard the USS Arleigh Burke.. Data resulting from the SME interviews were entered into the task analysis tool I-TASK. The workload associated with each task was calculated as man-hours per watch.
HSI Requirements Analysis for the Integrated Engineering Plant (IEP)
The initial thrust of this effort was to identify and analyze (decompose) functions associated with selected mission/operational scenarios and provide guidance on alternate strategies for human performance and automation to accomplish these functions. The full top down requirements analysis (TDRA) methodology includes the HSI processes of: function identification, functional flow analysis, mission-function analysis, high driver analysis, allocation of functions to human or machine performance based on data and analyses supplied by IEP, task analysis to model human and automated tasks, and simulation to assess human performance and workload for assigned task sequences. Workload/manpower optimization and improvement of human performance and safety were assessed through definition of alternative concepts for function allocation based on automation and remote control assumptions.
Reduced Staffing through Virtual Presence (RSVP)
This effort involved an application of HSI to RSVP, and an estimation of the extent of human workload reduction resulting from provision of the RSVP system with HSI improvements, to existing ship work requirements. The analysis was performed for two areas aboard the DDG51: (1) workload of engineering control personnel and (2) a fire and flood damage control scenario. In both cases, previous analyses of workload associated with the existing designs were reviewed and work load redistributed according to the functionality of RSVP and its ability to perform extensive ship monitoring, data analysis and fusion. The HSI application to RSVP involved efforts to identify and analyze missions and scenarios to exercise RSVP; conduct RSVP function and requirements analysis; identify RSVP environments and conditions of use; identify information requirements; develop human task list and task requirements; and develop human-machine interface concepts. Workload estimations for function allocation alternatives and human-machine interface concept design were also performed to ensure the maintenance of situation awareness, reduction of shipboard workload leading to manpower reduction, reduction of human error and accident potential, and integration of the human into the system by applying RSVP technology. Results of the study estimate workload reductions of: 73% for the Damage Control Administrator/DC team located in Damage Control Central for a fire and flood scenario aboard the DDG-51; 47% for personnel tasks performed in the machinery spaces aboard DDG-51 for each four-hour watch under condition III steaming.
Aircraft Launch and Recovery
The SIMWAM workload assessment simulation tool was originally developed to investigate possible limitations in performance on aircraft launch and recovery operations aboard CVs. The model developed using SIMWAM dealt with approximately 500 information processing and decision tasks performed at 36 stations in various shipboard spaces. Individual task parameters were defined based on interviews with subject matter experts during a visit to the USS Constellation. The model was developed as a baseline version which relied heavily on performance of telephone talkers and status board keepers. Performance of this model during a typical cycle of aircraft launches and recoveries was compared with that of a model which was modified to reflect the introduction of Automated Status Boards (ASTABs). The ASTAB concept consisted of computer driven large screen displays with tailored data presentation depending on the requirements of each functional space. The results of runs of the two models suggested that significant reductions in manning levels, mission performance time and individual operator workload would accrue from the introduction of ASTABs.
Combat Information Center Air, Surface and Subsurface Detection and Tracking
Threat assessment and combat direction functions aboard Navy ships are heavily dependent on correct and timely maintenance of an accurate tracking picture based on sensor returns. Advanced systems are currently being developed and deployed in which many of these functions are automated but many ships are still equipped with CIC systems which are manpower intensive. The trade-off between manning levels and ship capability was evaluated for the Naval Sea Systems Command. Two SIMWAM models were developed of the Air Detection and Tracking area which maintains tracking of the bulk of air contacts and the Surface/Subsurface area which maintains tracking of low altitude air contacts, surface contacts and subsurface contacts. These models were used to examine effects of the total track load on tracking system performance and operator utilization for various manning levels. Issues were investigated including the possibility of saturation of the ship's defenses as a function of manning levels.
Shipboard Damage Control
Comprehensive Integrated Survivability Management System (ISMS) decision-making and information-processing task flows were developed for shipboard damage control activities for fighting fires and flooding, as well as for repairing vital systems, and maintaining fume and airtight integrity. Interactions between combat system and damage control organizations were included. The completed task model contains approximately 2400 tasks. Task flow sequences were based on SME interviews and Navy doctrine. They were validated by SMEs at NAVSEA, and were modified and refined for integration with the SIMWAM workload assessment simulation tool. SIMWAM models were developed of damage control activities aboard surface ships to simulate the performance of the Damage and Casualty Management System (DCMS). These simulation models were used to evaluate operator utilization and workload and effects on system performance of introduction of modified damage control equipment and procedures. Results of the analysis identified critical workload-intensive areas that must be addressed in the future development of the DCMS. This information provides the basis for further human factors analysis for a man-machine interface concept for DCMS.
Fast Sealift Ship Reduced Manning
Development and assessment of HSI technology in the Mid-Term Fast Sealift Technology Variant ships. The objective of this effort was to ensure that HSI issues are addressed at the Feasibility Design Phase of Sealift ship design, and to provide the HSI tools and data to address the issues. Specific objectives included: a) identifying the HSI requirements for Sealift vessels that will enhance operability, safety, human performance and mission success, in a reduced manning environment; b) providing design concepts and criteria for integrated single operator consoles, reduced manning and man-machine interfaces (MMI) for ship services such as food service, and MMI for maintenance; and c) revising training curricula for operation and maintenance. The SIMWAM workload assessment tool was used to analyze high driver tasks to support the design for reduced manning for Sealift ships. As alternative manning concepts emerged using different approaches to design (automation), operating philosophy (allocation of tasks between ship and shore) and crew job design (allocation of functions and tasks among on-board crew member) ship design concepts were developed and simulated. Using SIMWAM, levels of automation, manning practices, and operational procedures are being developed and translated into ship and operations design specifications.
New SSN Ship Control System Manning
The objective was to determine if the NSSN Ship Control System could be manned with 2 as opposed to 4 personnel as in SEAWOLF. Identified 12 normal and contingency mission scenarios requiring ship control activity. Analyzed requirements for ship control tasks using I-TASK, with inputs from SEAWOLF ship control personnel. Identified high driver tasks using the Integrated Comparability Analysis tool (I-CAN). Identified alternate approaches to automate ship control activities with system engineering personnel. Conducted task network simulations using SIMWAM to assess workloads on two operators conducting task sequences in each scenario. Results indicated that all scenarios could be completed with 2 operators but that associated workloads were excessive. A recommendation was made, and accepted, that the NSSN ship control system be manned by 3 personnel.
Seawolf Fast Attack Submarine Weapon Handling
The Integrated Task Analysis tool (I-TASK) was used to identify and analyze human performance and safety requirements associated with each task for SEAWOLF submarine weapons loading and handling scenarios.
European Union DG VII Waterborne Transport - Human Interaction with New Technology In Maritime Transport
Carlow supported the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in the assessment of human factors tools for enhancing the affordability and competitiveness of shipping in Europe, through improved training, reduced human error, and reduced manning.
Human Factors Design Guidelines for Aged and Disabled Passengers and Crew on Cruise Ships and Ferries.
This effort, was conducted for the Nustical Enterprise Centre, Cork, Ireland, and the Southampton Institute, to develop design guidelines for shipboard features and equipment that would facilitate activities of partially disabled seafarers and partially/fully disabled passengers, including design of shipboard equipment and systems for seafarers and passengers, identifying the technology to be included in the design of shipboard equipment and systems, and developing guidelines for redesigning equipment, structures, environments, alarms, passageways, ramps, ladders etc. to accommodate elderly and disabled seafarers and passengers.